To a first approximation, consequentialist theories claim that whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the non-moral value of relevant consequences, either the consequences of the act itself (direct consequentialism) or the consequences of something related to that act (indirect consequentialism), such as the social acceptance of moral rules that require or prohibit that act.Such theories can be thought of as offering alternative answers to the question, which features of acts (including omissions) determine whether they are right or wrong, or which features of acts make right acts right and wrong acts wrong. ![]() They try to answer one of the two fundamental practical questions of ethics, “What ought I to do?” (the other being “How ought I to be?”). Act-Focused TheoriesĪct-focused theories focus on acts (including omissions) and are primarily concerned with matters of right and wrong, obligation or duty, individual rights, etc. It should be noted both that these are kinds of theories and that no theory or kind of theory should be regarded as widely accepted. ![]() This section briefly summaries the kinds of ethical theories that most often figure in discussions of topics in applied ethics.
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